A Charlie Parker poetry collection

May 17th, 2023

.

.

photo by William Gottlieb/Library of Congress

photo by William Gottlieb/Library of Congress

Charlie Parker, 1947
.

___

.

 

A Letter to Charlie Parker

Dear Charlie,
Your presence never left us in Tom’s Town
Back then it was a good-time town and this place
Shaped you, the glamour and freedom of jazz beckoning,
The intellect and passion flowing through hot breath, busy hands
Today we drive by some of your former hangouts
Lincoln High School, with its nod to Art Deco
The Cherry Blossom Club, the building a victim of arson in the 80s
Its vacant facade still remains, the ghosts of jazz legends drifting about
We see the old Antlers Club in the West Bottoms
where you played with Buster Smith
Wide-eyed and wondering at the afterhours freak show upstairs
And when you first jammed at the Reno Club they laughed you offstage
But you held on furiously to your sax, a quiet loner possessed by the music
Practicing for hours and hours, driving neighbors insane
Hanging out behind the clubs listening, studying those cats
Nothing else mattered
And when you showed up again on that stage, jaws dropped
You hoboed your way to Chicago,
Then New York City in your raggedy, smelly old clothes
They were turned off by your aggressive tone
Told you to play soft and pretty
A mad scientist experimenting, formulating curated chaos
They were afraid, threatened, didn’t know what it was you were trying to do
Even you didn’t know, you just needed to get that savage sound out of your system
Chugging at full speed, leaving swing behind
Hot notes bubbling like magma from that horn
You didn’t stay in this world for long but
Oh how we admire your daredevil ways and tenacity
So in closing, we send our love and reverence
Yours Always,
Kansas City

.

by Lauren Loya

.

___

.

& Bird

Sipping wine at the Deer Head Inn,
while the Phil Woods quartet bebops
through a second set, Ornithology
rocketing past the red stage lights.

Piano, sax, bass & drums
solo between sporadic applause,
club regulars chirping around
a dozen or so tables in the dark,

perched on the rims of their cocktails,
like those other famous lovers of song—
the pileated, chickadee,
junco, titmouse—wetting their beaks,

while nervous notes soar
high above them in the raftered shadows.
This way & that, the birdless & Bird
cock their heads to listen.

.

by Michael Steffen

.

___

.

False Notes

Stand by, Take 4. From the sound engineer
at a Charlie Parker studio recording session.
Hold it! Hold it! You started off wrong!
Charlie chides a sideman, the take spoiled.
Bird’s irritation I get. The sideman’s gaffe too.
How many times have I begun on the wrong note.
With job assignments… finances . . . people.

,

by Peter Gregg Slater

.

___

.

The Fourth Measure

Measure of what? Music, time, size, weight, intelligence, or something else?
How about the birth and evolution of jazz, all those albums stacked up on your shelf?
More often than not, three measures come to mind.
Always New Orleans, New York, and Chicago, for jazz and for rhyme.
But looking closer, there’s a fourth you can find.
It was the beginning of the Oregon Trail, the early roots of swing,bebop, and ragtime.
It was the proving grounds at the edge of the plains,
and for the great ones who made it, they would never be the same.

There was William “Count” Basie, Duke Ellington, Cab and Blanche Calloway,
new names to the industry, with a lucrative future, back in those days.
Of course, this was Kansas City, as yet not even paved.
The musicians and customers came from near and far,
and packed the huge dance halls, to hear these future stars,
playing with the big bands, they danced ’til the morning light.
With few laws, the whiskey flowed, the hookers hooked, the gamblers gambled,
there was no doing wrong, it just all seemed so right.

The White House Tavern, with Walter Page and his Blue Devils band,
Benny Moten’s orchestra at Fairyland Park, dressed in tuxedos, looking so grand,
Paul Tremain’s Aristocrats of Rhythm, at the PlayMor Ballroom,
The El Terreon Ballroom, with Count Basie and Lester Young,
Coon-Sanders and his Night Hawks orchestra, just so much fun.

Kansas City flourished for black owned commerce, centered near 18th and Vine,
Recording studios and music stores, like no other city anywhere at that time.
With all of this organized by the Black Musicians Union, Local 627,
One could say they had found their little corner of heaven.
It was jazz history in the making, far off the beaten track,
and if you listened carefully, you could hear young Charlie Parker,
warming up his sax, in the dark alley out back.

Kansas City….The Fourth Measure.

.

by T. W. Parrish

.

___

.

Now’s The Time 

Not blessed with faith in revelation, I have a dream
which suspends disbelief, financial constraints,
and physics, seeing myself high in the sky at rush hour
and arresting all traffic, broadcasting some Charlie Parker.
A burning bush before the apocalypse, now: everything
ceasing & otherwise silenced as this sound scrubs and
rewires the collective consciousness—a confirmation.

Listen: we’ve tried everything else, and at this stage
of empire, is there anything aside from Economics,
Isms, Ologies, and Apathy to remind us our best work
isn’t done behind desks or inside vacated bank vaults?
One horn toppling towers of babble, recreating this world
from this wreckage, every salvaged soul suddenly speaking
in one tongue, able at last to tell exactly what time it is.

.

by Sean Murphy

.

___

.

Charlie Parker and the Kansas City Blues

Kansas City Blues washes over me
like Bird’s saxophone, as i discover life
from the seat of a greyhound bus, feeling
like a monarch
the saxophone sound, sweet and salty
like ribs resting on a plate in my lap

Kansas City Blues is a woman whistling a
song of home, as she heads home
she is sweet and salty, she grew up faster
than she wanted to, but childhood still lingers
in her eyes, as she talks to me, her body has the curves
of a saxophone, and her voice, holds the song of the blues

Kansas City blues and Bird’s saxophone, can sum up
my life in blue-black notes, like a look from her
sums up longing

better to have a life of salty sweet, than a life
of boredom…

.

by Erren Kelly

.

___

.

Reading W.S. Merwin While Thinking About Bird

The poet was 91

…..nice to begin eternity
at that age

the bop king
…..not yet 35 and all over NYC
came the spray painted plea

Bird Lives

…..while the poet
was to reflect on death

casually led by a
…..black dog through
rooms of darkness

taking his time

…..to meditate
on the final passing

God bless him and poetry
…..as much as for a starved
song Bird with jutting rib cage

gasping on the floor.

.

by Daniel Brown

.

___

.

Still Life with Bird

The table set for Charlie Parker:
Two wine glasses filled with red.

In another twist, when you quit
It that way my man, divulging

Secrets wrapped around your horn
Of scarcity, heck when you put,

When you put it that way
Divulging secrets, yeah. Sure.

I get it. Sometimes there is nothing
Special about finding, finding your way out

Of the story. Because the story is the story
Of how to forget things.

If anyone likes this tale, please
Feel free to join us, in the feast.

There is, the table is set, yes,
With freedom and blue sky,
And a carafe of wine like snow.

.

by Millicent Borges Accardi

.

___

.

Boundless Bird

If You Don’t Live It, it won’t come out your horn.

-Charlie “Bird” Parker

Dizzy Gillespie paid for the funeral arrangements,
organized a lying-in-state, a Harlem procession,
and a memorial concert. Parker’s body was flown back
to Missouri, in accordance with his mother’s wishes.
Parker was buried at Lincoln Cemetery in Missouri.

-Wikipedia

It was Bird’s wish to be buried in NYC.

.

The coroner’s autopsy reported
Bird to be between 50 and 60.
He was staying at the Stanhope Hotel
with the Baroness Pannonica de
Koenigswarter, watching the Dorsey’s live.

**

They say it was lobar pneumonia and
a bleeding ulcer that swept Bird away-
those, and a heart attack with cirrhosis.
His mental health was played in the wrong key,
and Horse chased him through the streets of New York.

**

When Pannonica found Bird she was late.
Then the time came to try to honor him-
but they carved the wrong horn on his grave-stone;
had he seen that it would have brought him down.
Should have been an alto not a tenor.

**

Chan was Bird’s common-law wife, and they had
two kids – Baird in 1952, and
Baby Pree, three-years-old and a bad heart.
Bird’s mountains were high before and after,
and two dark times he tried to kill himself.

**

Bird and Chan never married, but he and
Doris never divorced either; the courts
hung his wish for a quiet interment
in New York City; that would not happen.
Charlie Parker was 34 years old.

**

The coroner’s autopsy reported
a bleeding ulcer that swept Bird away.
Then they carved the wrong horn on his grave-stone.
Bird’s mountains were high before and after.
Charlie Parker was 34 years old.

.

by John L. Stanizzi

.

.

___

.

.

 

 

Millicent Borges Accardi  has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), Fulbright, CantoMundo, California Arts Council, Barbara Deming “Money for Women,” and Fundação Luso-Americana (FLAD).  Most recent poetry collection, Only More So (Salmon).  IG and Twitter @TopangaHippie

.

.

___

.

.

 

.
Daniel Brown has loved jazz (and music in general) ever since he delved into his parents’ 78 collection as a child. He is a retired special education teacher who began writing as a senior. He always appreciates being published in a journal or anthology. His first poetry collection, Family Portraits in Verse and Other Illustrated Poems, was recently published by Epigraph Books.

.

.

___

.

.

 

Erren Kelly

Erren Kelly is a three-time Pushcart nominated poet from Boston whose work has appeared in 300 publications (print and online), including Hiram Poetry Review, Mudfish, Poetry Magazine, Ceremony, Cacti Fur, Bitterzoet, Cactus Heart, Similar Peaks, Gloom Cupboard, and Poetry Salzburg.

Click here to read “Under Quarantine” — COVID-era poetry of Erren Kelly, published by Jerry Jazz Musician

.

.

___

.

.

 

 

photo by Kelly Sime

Lauren Loya is a tough-talkin’ dame roaming the streets of Kansas City. She is a graduate of the Literature, Language, and Writing program at the University of Kansas. Her poetry has appeared in Coal City Review and Kansas City Voices. She pays the bills working in magazine production, and any free time is spent haunting local bookstores, hiking trails, antique malls, and jazz clubs.

.

.

___

.

.

 

Sean Murphy has appeared on NPR’s “All Things Considered” as well as in USA Today, The New York Times, The Huffington Post, and AdAge. A long-time columnist for PopMatters, his work has also appeared in Salon, The Village Voice, Washington City Paper, The Good Men Project, Memoir Magazine, and others. He has twice been nominated for the Pushcart Prize, and his chapbook, The Blackened Blues, is now available from Finishing Line Press. To learn more, visit seanmurphy.net

.

.

___

.

.

 

.

T.W. Parrish was formally educated in music performance. He writes original songs and performs equally well on trumpet, tenor sax, flute, and vocals. He’s performed in 47 states and abroad with some of the biggest names in entertainment. Originally from Fla., lived 16 years in Seattle, now retired in Lake of Ozarks, Missouri, playing occasionally in Kansas City. He has also written four books with painted illustrations. His favorite bands are Tower of Power and Poncho Sanchez, and his favorite music is Latin Jazz and Be Bop.

.

.

___

.

.

 

 

Peter Gregg Slater, a historian, has taught at several institutions, including Dartmouth College and the University of California, Berkeley. His poetry, fiction, parody, and essays have appeared in DASH, Workers Write!, The Satirist, Masque & Spectacle, and The Westchester Review. He has been a jazz buff since his teenage years, with a special passion for hard bop.

.

.

___

.

.

 

John L. Stanizzi has authored Ecstasy Among Ghosts, Sleepwalking, Dance Against the Wall, After the Bell, Hallelujah Time!, High Tide – Ebb Tide, Four Bits, Chants, Sundowning, and POND. Besides Jerry Jazz Musician, John’s poems have appeared in Prairie Schooner, Cortland Review, American Life in Poetry, and others. He’s been translated into Italian and appeared widely in Italy. He’s had nonfiction in Stone Coast Review, Ovunque Siamo, Literature and Belief, and others. John lives with his wife, Carol, in Connecticut.

 

.

.

.

___

.

.

 

Michael Steffen’s fifth collection of poems, In the Factory of Loathing, will be published by Fernwood Press in April, 2024. New work has recently appeared, or will appear soon, in Bollman Bridge Review, The Chaffin Journal and Literary Cocktail Magazine.

.

.

 

Listen to the 1947 recording of “Koko,” with Charlie Parker (alto saxophone); Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet); John Lewis (piano); Al McKibbon (bass); and Joe Harris (drums). [Universal Music Group]

.

___

.

.

Click here  to read previous editions of The Sunday Poem

Click here  for information about how to submit your poetry or short fiction

Click here  to subscribe to the (free)  Jerry Jazz Musician  quarterly newsletter

Click here  to help support the ongoing publication of Jerry Jazz Musician,  and to keep it commercial-free  (thank you!)

.

.

___

.

Jerry Jazz Musician…human produced (and AI-free) since 1999

.

.

.

Share this:

4 comments on “A Charlie Parker poetry collection”

  1. A well-conceived grouping of poems that are all fascinating to read, both as poetry, and as insight into
    Charlie Parker, and the times in which he lived (and died).

  2. Oh my, those poems bring harder times back. Nice work.

    Correction to Bio Note: Millicent Borges Accardi’s most recent book is Quarantine Highway (Flowersong Press 2022); the one before it was Through a Grainy Landscape (New Meridian 2019).
    Only More So (Salmon) was published in 2016.

  3. I really enjoyed Letter to Charlie Parker. Great spark of energy in the flow and a little history lesson too. Miss Loya is one to watch…

Comment on this article:

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Site Archive

Your Support is Appreciated

Jerry Jazz Musician has been commercial-free since its inception in 1999. Your generous donation helps it remain that way. Thanks very much for your kind consideration.

Publisher’s Notes

Creatives – “This is our time!“…A Letter from the Publisher...A call to action to take on political turmoil through the use of our creativity as a way to help our fellow citizens “pierce the mundane to find the marvelous.”

In This Issue

Announcing the book publication of Kinds of Cool: An Interactive Collection of Jazz Poetry...The first Jerry Jazz Musician poetry anthology published in book form includes 90 poems by 47 poets from all over the world, and features the brilliant artwork of Marsha Hammel and a foreword by Jack Kerouac’s musical collaborator David Amram. The collection is “interactive” (and quite unique) because it invites readers – through the use of QR codes printed on many of the book’s pages – to link to selected readings by the poets themselves, as well as to historic audio and video recordings (via YouTube) relevant to many of the poems, offering a holistic experience with the culture of jazz.

Interview

photo Louis Armstrong House Museum
Interview with Ricky Riccardi, author of Stomp Off, Let’s Go: The Early Years of Louis Armstrong...The author discusses the third volume of his trilogy, which includes the formation of the Armstrong-led ensembles known as the Hot Five and Hot Seven that modernized music, the way artists play it, and how audiences interact with it and respond to it.

The Sunday Poem


“The Köln Concert,” by Martin Agee


The Sunday Poem is published weekly, and strives to include the poet reading their work....

Martin Agee reads his poem at its conclusion


Click here to read previous editions of The Sunday Poem

Feature

“What one song best represents your expectations for 2025?” Readers respond...When asked to name the song that best represents their expectations for 2025, respondents often cited songs of protest and of the civil rights era, but so were songs of optimism and appreciation, including Bob Thiele and George David Weiss’ composition “What a Wonderful World,” made famous by Louis Armstrong, who first performed it live in 1959. The result is a fascinating and extensive outlook on the upcoming year.

Poetry

Sax in a Blue Suit by Samuel Dixon
21 jazz poems on the 21st of March, 2025...An ongoing series designed to share the quality of jazz poetry continuously submitted to Jerry Jazz Musician by poets sharing their relationship to the music, and with the musicians who perform it.

Interview

photo by Brian McMillen
Interview with Phillip Freeman, author of In the Brewing Luminous: The Life and Music of Cecil Taylor...The author discusses Cecil Taylor – the most eminent free jazz musician of his era, whose music marked the farthest boundary of avant-garde jazz.

Feature

photo of Rudy Van Gelder via Blue Note Records
“Rudy Van Gelder: Jazz Music’s Recording Angel” – by Joel Lewis...For over 60 years, the legendary recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder devoted himself to the language of sound. And although he recorded everything from glee clubs to classical music, he was best known for recording jazz – specifically the musicians associated with Blue Note and Prestige records. Joel Lewis writes about his impact on the sound of jazz, and what has become of his Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey studio.

Poetry

photo of Charlie Parker by William Gottlieb/Library of Congress; Design by Rhonda R. Dorsett
Jerrice J. Baptiste’s 2025 Jazz Poetry Calendar...Jerrice J. Baptiste’s 12-month 2025 calendar of jazz poetry winds through the upcoming year with her poetic grace while inviting us to wander through music by the likes of Hoagy Carmichael, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Sarah Vaughan, Melody Gardot and Charlie Parker.

Playlist

“Sextets: The Joy of Six” – a playlist by Bob Hecht...The cover of the 1960 debut album by the Jazztet, co-founded by the trumpeter Art Farmer and the tenor saxophonist Benny Golson, and which always featured a trombonist and a piano-bass-drums rhythm section. Golson wrote much of the music, but “Hi-Fly” – a tune featured on Bob Hecht’s two-hour playlist devoted to sextets – was written by pianist Randy Weston, and appears on the 1960 album Big City Sounds.

Interview

Interview with Jonathon Grasse: author of Jazz Revolutionary: The Life and Music of Eric Dolphy....The multi-instrumentalist Eric Dolphy was a pioneer of avant-garde technique. His life cut short in 1964 at the age of 36, his brilliant career touched fellow musical artists, critics, and fans through his innovative work as a composer, sideman and bandleader. Jonathon Grasse’s Jazz Revolutionary is a significant exploration of Dolphy’s historic recorded works, and reminds readers of the complexity of his biography along the way. Grasse discusses his book in a December, 2024 interview.

Feature

Dmitry Rozhkov, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
“Thoughts on Matthew Shipp’s Improvisational Style” – an essay by Jim Feast..Short of all the musicians being mind readers, what accounts for free jazz musicians’ – in this instance those playing with the pianist Matthew Shipp – incredible ability for mutual attunement as they play?

Art

Photo of Joe Lovano by Giovanni Piesco
The Photographs of Giovanni Piesco: Joe Lovano...Beginning in 1990, the noted photographer Giovanni Piesco began taking backstage photographs of many of the great musicians who played in Amsterdam’s Bimhuis, that city’s main jazz venue which is considered one of the finest in the world. Jerry Jazz Musician will occasionally publish portraits of jazz musicians that Giovanni has taken over the years. This edition features 1999 photographs of the saxophonist Joe Lovano.

Feature

Excerpts from David Rife’s Jazz Fiction: Take Two – Vol. 11: “Chick” and “Hen” Lit...A substantial number of novels and stories with jazz music as a component of the story have been published over the years, and the scholar David J. Rife has written short essay/reviews of them. In this 11th edition, Rife writes about the “chicks” (energetic women, attractive, and open to experience) and “hens” (older women who have either buried or lost a loved one, and who seem content with their lives) who are at the center of stories with jazz within its theme.

Interview

photo by Carl Van Vechten, Library of Congress
A Black History Month Profile: The legendary author Richard Wright...In a 2002 Jerry Jazz Musician interview, Richard Wright biographer Hazel Rowley discusses the life and times of legendary author Richard Wright, whose work included the novels Native Son andBlack Boy

Feature

On the Turntable — The “Best Of the ‘Best Of’” in 2024 jazz recordings...Our annual year-end compilation of jazz albums oft mentioned by a wide range of critics as being the best of 2024

In Memoriam

photo via Pexels.com
“Departures to the Final Arms Hotel in 2024” – poetic tributes, by Terrance Underwood...2024 produced its share of losses of legendary jazz musicians. Terrance Underwood pays poetic homage to a handful who have touched his life, imagining their admittance to the Final Arms Hotel, a destination he introduces in his prelude.

Community

Stewart Butterfield, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Community Bookshelf #4...“Community Bookshelf” is a twice-yearly space where writers who have been published on Jerry Jazz Musician can share news about their recently authored books and/or recordings. This edition includes information about books published within the last six months or so (September, 2024 – March, 2025)

Feature

Trading Fours, with Douglas Cole, No. 23: “The Wave”...In this edition of an occasional series of the writer’s poetic interpretations of jazz recordings and film, Douglas’ poem is written partly as a reference to the Antonio Carlos Jobin song “Wave,” but mostly to get in the famed Japanese artist Hokusai’s idea of the wave as being a huge, threatening thing. (The poem initially sprang from listening to Cal Tjader’s “Along Came Mary”).

Short Fiction

Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons/blur effect added
Short Fiction Contest-winning story #67 — “Bluesette,” by Salvatore Difalco...The author’s award-winning story is a semi-satirical mood piece about a heartbroken man in Europe listening to a recording by the harmonica player Toots Thielemans while under the influence of a mind-altering substance.

Interview

Interview with James Kaplan, author of 3 Shades of Blue: Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Bill Evans and the Lost Empire of Cool...The esteemed writer tells a vibrant story about the jazz world before, during, and after the 1959 recording of Kind of Blue, and how the album’s three genius musicians came together, played together, and grew together (and often apart) throughout the experience.

Feature

photo of Lester Young by William Gottlieb/Library of Congress
Jazz History Quiz #179...Throughout his career, this saxophonist was known as the “Vice Prez” because he sounded so similar to “Prez,” Lester Young (pictured). Who was he?

Community

Nominations for the Pushcart Prize XLIX...Announcing the six writers nominated for the Pushcart Prize v. XLIX, whose work was published in Jerry Jazz Musician during 2024.

Publisher’s Notes

photo by Rhonda Dorsett
On turning 70, and contemplating the future of Jerry Jazz Musician...

Feature

“Are Jazz-Hop Instrumentals Jazz?” – an observation (and playlist) by Anthony David Vernon...Google “what is jazz-hop?” and the AI overview describes it is “a subgenre of hip-hop that combines jazz and hip-hop music. It developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s.” In Mr. Vernon’s observation, he makes the case that it is also a subgenre of jazz.

Community

Notes on Bob Hecht’s book, Stolen Moments: A Photographer’s Personal Journey...Some thoughts on a new book of photography by frequent Jerry Jazz Musician contributing writer Bob Hecht

Art

“The Jazz Dive” – the art of Allen Mezquida...The artist's work is inspired by the counterculture music from the 1950s and 60s, resulting in art “that resonates with both eyes and ears.” It is unique and creative and worth a look…

True Jazz Stories

Columbia Records; via Wikimedia Commons
“An Evening with Michael Bloomfield” – a true blues story by David Eugene Everard...The author recounts his experience meeting and interviewing the great blues guitarist Mike Bloomfield in 1974…

Short Fiction

photo via PxHere
“The Magic” – a story by Mark Bruce...Most bands know how to make music. They learn to play together so that it sounds good and maybe even get some gigs. Most bands know that you have your chord progressions and your 4/4 beat and your verses and bridges. Some bands even have a guy (or a woman, like Chrissy Hynde) who writes songs. So what gives some bands the leg up into the Top 40?

Contributing Writers

Click the image to view the writers, poets and artists whose work has been published on Jerry Jazz Musician, and find links to their work

Coming Soon

An interview with Sascha Feinstein, author of Writing Jazz: Conversations with Critics and Biographers;, Also, a new Jazz History Quiz, and lots of short fiction; poetry; photography; interviews; playlists; and much more in the works...

Interview Archive

Ella Fitzgerald/IISG, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
Click to view the complete 25-year archive of Jerry Jazz Musician interviews, including those recently published with Judith Tick on Ella Fitzgerald (pictured),; Laura Flam and Emily Sieu Liebowitz on the Girl Groups of the 60's; Tad Richards on Small Group Swing; Stephanie Stein Crease on Chick Webb; Brent Hayes Edwards on Henry Threadgill; Richard Koloda on Albert Ayler; Glenn Mott on Stanley Crouch; Richard Carlin and Ken Bloom on Eubie Blake; Richard Brent Turner on jazz and Islam; Alyn Shipton on the art of jazz; Shawn Levy on the original queens of standup comedy; Travis Atria on the expatriate trumpeter Arthur Briggs; Kitt Shapiro on her life with her mother, Eartha Kitt; Will Friedwald on Nat King Cole; Wayne Enstice on the drummer Dottie Dodgion; the drummer Joe La Barbera on Bill Evans; Philip Clark on Dave Brubeck; Nicholas Buccola on James Baldwin and William F. Buckley; Ricky Riccardi on Louis Armstrong; Dan Morgenstern and Christian Sands on Erroll Garner; Maria Golia on Ornette Coleman.